Psittacosis, also known as ornithosis, parrot fever, or chlamydiosis, is an infectious disease that can be transmitted to humans from infected birds in the parrot family. This includes parrots, macaws, budgerigars (parakeets or budgies), and cockatiels. Although rare in the United States, psittacosis can still be a concern for individuals who work with or own birds, such as pet store workers, bird owners, zoo employees, and veterinarians. It can also affect farmers and slaughterhouse workers who handle poultry, particularly turkeys.
The bacteria responsible for psittacosis is called Chlamydia psittaci. The disease is usually spread through inhalation of dust particles from dried bird droppings or through direct contact with infected birds. It’s important to note that the waste material in birdcages can remain infectious for extended periods of time, potentially leading to transmission even after the birds have been removed.
In humans, the symptoms of psittacosis can vary. They often include fever, headache, chills, muscle pains, cough, and sometimes breathing difficulty or pneumonia. If left untreated, the disease can become severe and may even result in death, especially in older individuals. However, some people may only experience mild flu-like symptoms or have no symptoms at all.
Birds infected with psittacosis may exhibit poor appetite, a ruffled appearance, eye or nose discharge, green or yellow-green droppings, and diarrhea. In some cases, birds may die from the disease. It’s worth noting that infected birds can shed the bacteria while showing only mild or no symptoms.
The incubation period for psittacosis, which is the time between exposure to the bacteria and the onset of symptoms, typically ranges from 5 to 19 days, although longer periods have been reported.
To diagnose psittacosis, laboratory tests are conducted on blood, respiratory secretions, or other tissues to identify the presence of the bacteria in both humans and birds.
Treatment for psittacosis usually involves the administration of antibiotics such as tetracycline or doxycycline. These medications are commonly prescribed to infected individuals.
To prevent the spread of psittacosis, it is important to maintain proper hygiene practices when handling birds. If birds are kept as pets, it is essential to clean their cages regularly to prevent the accumulation and drying of droppings, which can create airborne particles. It is also advisable to test and/or separate birds that have come into contact with other birds outside the home to minimize bird-to-bird transmission. When purchasing birds, it is recommended to buy healthy, U.S.-bred birds from reputable sources. Lastly, if any signs of psittacosis develop in a person, it is crucial to consult with a physician and inform them about any contact with birds.
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