What is the disease caused by bird droppings?

Bird droppings can pose a health risk to humans due to the presence of a fungus called Histoplasma capsulatum. This fungus can cause an infection known as histoplasmosis when its spores are inhaled. Histoplasmosis is primarily contracted by breathing in the airborne spores during demolition or cleanup projects involving bird or bat droppings.

Histoplasmosis is not limited to the United States but can occur in various regions worldwide, including Africa, Asia, Australia, and parts of Central and South America. In the United States, it commonly occurs in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys.

Most healthy individuals who contract histoplasmosis do not develop symptoms and are unaware of being infected. However, infants and people with weakened immune systems are at a higher risk and may experience serious complications. It is important to note that treatments are available for even the most severe forms of histoplasmosis.

Symptoms of Histoplasmosis

When symptoms do occur, they typically appear within 3 to 17 days after exposure to the fungus. The symptoms can include:

  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Headache
  • Muscle aches
  • Dry cough
  • Chest pain
  • Tiredness

Some individuals with histoplasmosis may also experience joint pain and a rash. Those with pre-existing lung diseases, such as emphysema, can develop chronic histoplasmosis.

Severe Histoplasmosis

The most severe form of histoplasmosis, known as disseminated histoplasmosis, primarily affects infants and individuals with weakened immune systems. This form of the disease can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth, liver, central nervous system, skin, and adrenal glands. If left untreated, disseminated histoplasmosis can be fatal.

Prevention and Risk Factors

Histoplasmosis is not contagious and cannot be spread from person to person. However, individuals who have previously had histoplasmosis can become reinfected, although the subsequent illness is typically milder.

Certain individuals are at a higher risk of developing severe infections, including children under the age of 2 and adults over the age of 55. Additionally, individuals with weakened immune systems due to factors such as HIV/AIDS, cancer chemotherapy, corticosteroid drugs, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, or organ transplant medications are also more susceptible to severe histoplasmosis.

Complications

Histoplasmosis can lead to serious complications, even in otherwise healthy individuals. Some of these complications include:

  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome: The lungs can be severely damaged, leading to fluid accumulation in the air sacs and reduced oxygen levels in the blood.
  • Heart problems: Inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, can interfere with its ability to pump blood.
  • Adrenal insufficiency: The adrenal glands, responsible for hormone production, can be harmed by histoplasmosis.
  • Meningitis: Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord can occur in some cases.

Prevention Measures

While it is challenging to completely avoid exposure to the fungus that causes histoplasmosis, taking certain precautions can help reduce the risk of infection:

  • Avoiding exposure: Stay away from activities and projects that could expose you to the fungus, such as cave exploring and raising birds like pigeons or chickens.
  • Spraying contaminated surfaces: Before working in an area where the fungus may be present, soak the soil or surfaces with water. This can help prevent the release of spores into the air. It is also beneficial to spray chicken coops and barns before cleaning them.
  • Wearing a respirator mask: Consult the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to determine the appropriate type of mask for your level of exposure.

If you suspect you have been exposed to bird droppings and are experiencing symptoms or have concerns about histoplasmosis, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

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